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id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2024-12-14T16:38:06.000Z" title="发表于 2024-12-15 00:38:06">2024-12-15</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2024-12-18T01:20:21.000Z" title="更新于 2024-12-18 09:20:21">2024-12-18</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/C-%E5%88%9D%E9%98%B6/">C++初阶</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">总字数:</span><span class="word-count">2415</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>8分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title=""><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">浏览量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="container post-content" id="article-container"><div id="post-outdate-notice" data="{&quot;limitDay&quot;:365,&quot;messagePrev&quot;:&quot;It has been&quot;,&quot;messageNext&quot;:&quot;days since the last update, the content of the article may be outdated.&quot;,&quot;postUpdate&quot;:&quot;2024-12-18 09:20:21&quot;}" hidden></div><h1 id="构造函数补充"><a href="#构造函数补充" class="headerlink" title="构造函数补充"></a>构造函数补充</h1><h2 id="构造函数赋值"><a href="#构造函数赋值" class="headerlink" title="构造函数赋值"></a>构造函数赋值</h2><p>一般把成员变量放在私有，通常只是<code>声明</code>或<code>给了缺省值</code>，所以要给他们<code>定义</code></p>
<h3 id="直接赋值"><a href="#直接赋值" class="headerlink" title="直接赋值"></a>直接赋值</h3><p>直接给个直观的例子，之前也使用过</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	 <span class="built_in">Date</span>(<span class="type">int</span> year, <span class="type">int</span> month, <span class="type">int</span> day)</span><br><span class="line">	 &#123;</span><br><span class="line">		 _year = year;</span><br><span class="line">		 _month = month;</span><br><span class="line">		 _day = day;</span><br><span class="line">	 &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	 <span class="type">int</span> _year;</span><br><span class="line">	 <span class="type">int</span> _month;</span><br><span class="line">	 <span class="type">int</span> _day;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>虽然上述构造函数调用之后，对象中<code>已经有了一个初始值</code>，但是<code>不能将其称为对对象中成员变量的初始化</code>，构造函数体中的语句<code>只能将其称为赋初值</code>，而<code>不能称作初始化</code>。因为初始化只能<code>初始化一次</code>，而构造函数体内<code>可以多次赋值</code></p>
<h3 id="初始化列表"><a href="#初始化列表" class="headerlink" title="初始化列表"></a>初始化列表</h3><p><strong>什么是初始化列表？</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>以<code>一个冒号开始</code>，接着是一个<code>以逗号分隔</code>的数据成员列表，每个”成员变量”后面跟一个放在括号中的<code>初始值或表达式</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>举个例子</strong>：</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="built_in">Date</span>(<span class="type">int</span> year, <span class="type">int</span> month, <span class="type">int</span> day)</span><br><span class="line">		 : _year(year)</span><br><span class="line">		 , _month(month)</span><br><span class="line">		 , _day(day)</span><br><span class="line">		 &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	 </span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		 <span class="type">int</span> _year;</span><br><span class="line">		 <span class="type">int</span> _month;</span><br><span class="line">		 <span class="type">int</span> _day;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>按照代码中<code>初始化列表里的顺序</code>，依次将传入构造函数的参数 <code>year</code> 初始化给 <code>_year</code>，<code>month</code> 初始化给 <code>_month</code>，<code>day</code> 初始化给 <code>_day</code></p>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是</strong>：</p>
<ol>
<li>每个成员变量在初始化列表中<code>只能出现一次</code>(初始化只能初始化一次)</li>
<li>类中包含以下成员，<code>必须放在初始化列表位置进行初始化</code>：<br> • <strong>引用成员变量</strong><br> • <strong>const 成员变量</strong><br> • <strong>自定义类型成员(且该类没有默认构造函数时)</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>🔥<strong>总结</strong>：<code>尽量使用初始化列表初始化</code>，因为不管你是否使用初始化列表，对于自定义类型成员变量，<code>一定会先使用初始化列表初始化</code>；成员变量在类中<code>声明次序</code>就是其在<code>初始化列表中的初始化顺序</code>，<code>与其在初始化列表中的先后次序无关</code></p>
<h2 id="explicit-关键字"><a href="#explicit-关键字" class="headerlink" title="explicit 关键字"></a>explicit 关键字</h2><p><strong>什么是 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://legacy.cplusplus.com/">explicit</a> 关键字？</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>explicit 关键字<code>主要用于修饰类的构造函数</code>，其目的是<code>防止隐式类型转换</code>。当一个构造函数被声明为 explicit 时，编译器就<code>不允许使用该构造函数进行隐式的类型转换了</code>，而<code>只能进行显式的类型转换操作</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p>🚩<strong>无 explicit 情况</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">MyClass</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">MyClass</span>(<span class="type">int</span> num) : <span class="built_in">data</span>(num) &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">getData</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="type">const</span> </span>&#123; <span class="keyword">return</span> data; &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">int</span> data;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	MyClass obj = <span class="number">10</span>;  <span class="comment">// 隐式地将整数 10 转换为 MyClass 类型的对象</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>自动调用 <code>MyClass 的以 int 为参数的构造函数</code>，将 <code>10</code> 转换为 <code>MyClass</code> 类型的对象，这种隐式转换有时候<code>可能并非程序员的本意</code>，而且可能会导致一些<code>不易察觉的错误</code>或者<code>代码逻辑不够清晰</code></p>
<p>🚩<strong>有 explicit 情况</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">MyClass</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="title">MyClass</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> num)</span> : data(num) &#123;</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">getData</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="type">const</span> </span>&#123; <span class="keyword">return</span> data; &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">int</span> data;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	MyClass obj = <span class="number">10</span>;  <span class="comment">// 编译错误，不能进行隐式类型转换了</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>此时，如果想要从 <code>int</code> 类型转换为 <code>MyClass</code> 类型，就<code>必须进行显式的转换</code>，比如</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">MyClass <span class="title">obj</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">10</span>)</span></span>;  <span class="comment">// 正确，显式调用构造函数创建对象</span></span><br><span class="line">MyClass obj = <span class="built_in">MyClass</span>(<span class="number">10</span>);  <span class="comment">// 也正确，通过显示构造临时对象再赋值（或者用于初始化）的方式</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这里 <code>MyClass(10)</code> 是个<code>匿名对象</code>，即<code>没有名字的对象</code>，匿名对象<code>具有临时性</code>，<code>只能使用一次</code>，使用完就<code>销毁</code></p>
<h1 id="static-成员"><a href="#static-成员" class="headerlink" title="static 成员"></a>static 成员</h1><blockquote>
<p>声明为 <code>static 的类成员</code>称为<code>类的静态成员</code>，用 static 修饰的成员变量，称之为<code>静态成员变量</code>；用 static 修饰的<br>成员函数，称之为<code>静态成员函数</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是</strong>：</p>
<ol>
<li>静态成员也是<code>类的成员</code>，受<code>public</code>、<code>protected</code>、<code>private</code> 访问限定符的限制</li>
<li>静态成员为所有类对象所<code>共享</code>，<code>不属于某个具体的对象</code>，存放在<code>静态区</code></li>
<li>静态成员变量<code>必须在类外定义</code>，定义时不添加<code>static</code>关键字，类中只是声明</li>
<li>类静态成员即可用 <code>类名::静态成员</code> 或者 <code>对象.静态成员</code> 来访问</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="静态成员变量"><a href="#静态成员变量" class="headerlink" title="静态成员变量"></a>静态成员变量</h2><p><code>静态成员变量</code>是<code>属于类的变量</code>，而<code>不是属于类的某个具体对象</code>。它被该类的所有对象所<code>共享</code>，在内存中<code>只有一份拷贝</code>。这与普通成员变量不同，<code>普通成员变量</code>是<code>每个对象都有自己独立的一份</code></p>
<p><strong>以记录学生总数为例子</strong>：<br>无论创建多少个 Student 对象，这个变量都只有一个，并且可以被所有 Student 对象访问</p>
<p>🚩<strong>定义和初始化</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Student</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	    <span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> total_students;</span><br><span class="line">	    <span class="comment">// 其他成员函数和变量</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> Student::total_students = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>静态成员变量<code>不能在类内部初始化</code>。因为类<code>只是一个模板</code>(后续介绍模版会更容易理解)，当类被加载时，还<code>没有</code>为静态成员变量<code>分配内存空间</code>。必须在<code>类的外部</code>进行初始化，而且要<code>使用类名来限定</code></p>
<p>🚩<strong>访问方式</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Student::total_students++;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>也可以通过<code>类的对象来访问静态成员变量</code>，但是这种方式<code>容易让人误解为是对象的普通成员变量</code></p>
<h2 id="静态成员函数"><a href="#静态成员函数" class="headerlink" title="静态成员函数"></a>静态成员函数</h2><p><code>静态成员函数</code>基本与<code>静态成员变量</code>差不多</p>
<p>💻<strong>区别在于</strong>：由于静态成员函数<code>不与特定对象相关联</code>，所以<code>它没有this指针</code>。这意味着在静态成员函数内部<code>不能直接访问非静态成员变量和非静态成员函数</code>，因为没有 this 指针来<code>指明访问的是哪个对象的成员</code></p>
<h1 id="友元"><a href="#友元" class="headerlink" title="友元"></a>友元</h1><h2 id="友元函数"><a href="#友元函数" class="headerlink" title="友元函数"></a>友元函数</h2><p><code>友元函数</code>是一种在类中<code>被声明为 “朋友” 的非成员函数</code>。它可以访问类的<code>私有（private）</code>和<code>保护（protected）</code>成员，就好像它是类的成员函数一样。这<code>打破了类的封装性</code>，但在某些特定情况下是非常有用的</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">friend</span> ostream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span>&lt;&lt; (ostream&amp; out, Date&amp; d);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">Date</span>(<span class="type">int</span> year = <span class="number">2024</span>,<span class="type">int</span> month = <span class="number">12</span>,<span class="type">int</span> day = <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		:_year(year)</span><br><span class="line">		,_month(month)</span><br><span class="line">		,_day(day)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> ret;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _year;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _month;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _day;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> Date::ret = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ostream&amp; <span class="keyword">operator</span>&lt;&lt; (ostream&amp; out, Date&amp; d)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	out &lt;&lt; d._year &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;-&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; d._month &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;-&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; d._day &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> out;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	Date d1;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; d<span class="number">1.</span><span class="built_in">Getret</span>() &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">	cout &lt;&lt; d1;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">double</span> a = <span class="number">1.11</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> b = a;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>例如在必须使用<code>operator&lt;&lt;重载</code>时，这种情况下不得不<code>突破封装性去访问类内变量</code>。友元函数可以<code>直接访问类的私有成员</code>，它是<code>定义在类外部的普通函数</code>，<code>不属于任何类</code>，但需要在类的内部声明，声明时需要<code>加 friend 关键字</code></p>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是</strong>：<br>• 友元函数可访问类的私有和保护成员，但<code>不是类的成员函数</code><br>• 友元函数<code>不能用 const 修饰</code><br>• 友元函数可以<code>在类定义的任何地方声明</code>，<code>不受类访问限定符限制</code><br>• 一个函数可以是<code>多个类的友元函数</code><br>• 友元函数的调用与普通函数的<code>调用原理相同</code></p>
<h2 id="友元类"><a href="#友元类" class="headerlink" title="友元类"></a>友元类</h2><p>顾名思义，就是把函数换成类的友元，<code>友元类的所有成员函数都可以是另一个类的友元函数，都可以访问另一个类中的非公有成员</code></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Time</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">friend</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span>; <span class="comment">// 声明日期类为时间类的友元类，则在日期类中就直接访问Time类中的私有成员变量</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">Time</span>(<span class="type">int</span> hour = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="type">int</span> minute = <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="type">int</span> second = <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		: _hour(hour)</span><br><span class="line">		, _minute(minute)</span><br><span class="line">		, _second(second)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _hour;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _minute;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _second;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Date</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">Date</span>(<span class="type">int</span> year = <span class="number">1900</span>, <span class="type">int</span> month = <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="type">int</span> day = <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		: _year(year)</span><br><span class="line">		, _month(month)</span><br><span class="line">		, _day(day)</span><br><span class="line">	&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title">SetTimeOfDate</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> hour, <span class="type">int</span> minute, <span class="type">int</span> second)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="comment">// 直接访问时间类私有的成员变量</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="type">_t</span>._hour = hour;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="type">_t</span>._minute = minute;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="type">_t</span>._second = second;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _year;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _month;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> _day;</span><br><span class="line">	Time <span class="type">_t</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是</strong>：<br>• 友元关系是<code>单向的</code>，<code>不具有交换性</code><br>比如上述 Time 类和 Date 类，在 Time 类中声明 Date 类为其友元类，那么可以在 Date 类中直接访问 Time类的私有成员变量，但想在Time类中访问Date类中私有的成员变量则不行<br>• 友元关系<code>不能传递</code><br>如果B是A的友元，C是B的友元，则不能说明C时A的友元<br>• 友元关系<code>不能继承</code>，在继承位置再给大家详细介绍</p>
<h1 id="内部类"><a href="#内部类" class="headerlink" title="内部类"></a>内部类</h1><p><strong>如果一个类定义在另一个类的内部，这个内部类就叫做内部类</strong>，内部类是一个<code>独立的类</code>，它<code>不属于外部类</code>，更<code>不能</code>通过外部类的对象去访问内部类的成员。外部类对内部类<code>没有任何优越的访问权限</code></p>
<p>所以<code>内部类天生就是外部类的友元类</code></p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">A</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> k;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">int</span> h;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">B</span> <span class="comment">// B天生就是A的友元</span></span><br><span class="line">	&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span>:</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="function"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title">foo</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">const</span> A&amp; a)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">		</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">			cout &lt;&lt; k &lt;&lt; endl;<span class="comment">//OK</span></span><br><span class="line">			cout &lt;&lt; a.h &lt;&lt; endl;<span class="comment">//OK</span></span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> A::k = <span class="number">1</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	A::B b;</span><br><span class="line">	b.<span class="built_in">foo</span>(<span class="built_in">A</span>());</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>🔥<strong>值得注意的是</strong>：</p>
<ol>
<li>内部类可以定义在外部类的 <code>public</code>、<code>protected</code>、<code>private</code> 都是可以的。</li>
<li>注意内部类<code>可以直接访问外部类中的 static 成员</code>，不需要外部类的对象&#x2F;类名。</li>
<li>sizeof(外部类)&#x3D;外部类，<code>和内部类没有任何关系</code></li>
</ol>
<h1 id="希望读者们多多三连支持"><a href="#希望读者们多多三连支持" class="headerlink" title="希望读者们多多三连支持"></a>希望读者们多多三连支持</h1><h1 id="小编会继续更新"><a href="#小编会继续更新" class="headerlink" title="小编会继续更新"></a>小编会继续更新</h1><h1 id="你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！"><a href="#你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！" class="headerlink" title="你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！"></a>你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！</h1><p><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://picture-bed000.oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/3665fc5d07cd49cfb6f3b0aad314bb02.gif" alt="请添加图片描述"></p>
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，一个函数类型为 double...</div></div></div></a></div></div><hr class="custom-hr"/><div id="post-comment"><div class="comment-head"><div class="comment-headline"><i class="fas fa-comments fa-fw"></i><span> 评论</span></div></div><div class="comment-wrap"><div><div id="twikoo-wrap"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="aside-content" id="aside-content"><div class="card-widget card-info text-center"><div class="card-info-avatar"><div class="avatar-img"><img src= "" data-lazy-src="https://picture-bed000.oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/zero_two.png" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/friend_404.gif'" alt="avatar"/></div><div class="author-status-box"><div class="author-status"><g-emoji class="g-emoji" alias="palm_tree" fallback-src="https://lskypro.acozycotage.net/LightPicture/2022/12/fe1dc0402e623096.jpg">🤯</g-emoji><span>头脑风暴中</span></div></div></div><div class="author-info-name">澪贰</div><div class="author-info-description"></div><div class="site-data"><a href="/archives/"><div 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class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%B5%8B%E5%80%BC"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">直接赋值</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8"><span class="toc-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">初始化列表</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#explicit-%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">explicit 关键字</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#static-%E6%88%90%E5%91%98"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">static 成员</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">静态成员变量</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">静态成员函数</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%83"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">友元</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">友元函数</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%83%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">友元类</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">内部类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%AF%BB%E8%80%85%E4%BB%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%89%E8%BF%9E%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">希望读者们多多三连支持</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B0%8F%E7%BC%96%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%AD%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">小编会继续更新</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%81"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">你们的鼓励就是我前进的动力！</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" 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      var item_html = '<div class="recent-post-item" id="gitcalendarBar" style="width:100%;height:auto;padding:10px;"><style>#git_container{min-height: 280px}@media screen and (max-width:650px) {#git_container{min-height: 0px}}</style><div id="git_loading" style="width:10%;height:100%;margin:0 auto;display: block;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 50 50" style="enable-background:new 0 0 50 50" xml:space="preserve"><path fill="#d0d0d0" d="M25.251,6.461c-10.318,0-18.683,8.365-18.683,18.683h4.068c0-8.071,6.543-14.615,14.615-14.615V6.461z" transform="rotate(275.098 25 25)"><animatetransform attributeType="xml" attributeName="transform" type="rotate" from="0 25 25" to="360 25 25" dur="0.6s" repeatCount="indefinite"></animatetransform></path></svg><style>#git_container{display: none;}</style></div><div id="git_container"></div></div>';
      parent_div_git.insertAdjacentHTML("afterbegin",item_html)
      console.log('已挂载gitcalendar')
      }

    if( document.getElementById('gitZone') && (location.pathname ==='/about/'|| '/about/' ==='all')){
        gitcalendar_injector_config()
        GitCalendarInit("https://gitcalendar.zzh-blog.club/api?ZeroCoder-Zhang",['#d9e0df', '#c6e0dc', '#a8dcd4', '#9adcd2', '#89ded1', '#77e0d0', '#5fdecb', '#47dcc6', '#39dcc3', '#1fdabe', '#00dab9'],'ZeroCoder-Zhang')
    }
  </script><div class="js-pjax"><script async="async">var arr = document.getElementsByClassName('recent-post-item');
for(var i = 0;i<arr.length;i++){
    arr[i].classList.add('wow');
    arr[i].classList.add('animate__zoomIn');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-duration', '2s');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-delay', '1s');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-offset', '100');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-iteration', '1');
  }</script><script async="async">var arr = document.getElementsByClassName('card-widget');
for(var i = 0;i<arr.length;i++){
    arr[i].classList.add('wow');
    arr[i].classList.add('animate__zoomIn');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-duration', '');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-delay', '');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-offset', '');
    arr[i].setAttribute('data-wow-iteration', '');
  }</script></div><script defer src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/hexo-butterfly-wowjs/lib/wow.min.js"></script><script defer src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/hexo-butterfly-wowjs/lib/wow_init.js"></script><!-- hexo injector body_end end --><script src="/live2dw/lib/L2Dwidget.min.js?094cbace49a39548bed64abff5988b05"></script><script>L2Dwidget.init({"pluginRootPath":"live2dw/","pluginJsPath":"lib/","pluginModelPath":"assets/","tagMode":false,"debug":false,"model":{"jsonPath":"/live2dw/assets/koharu.model.json"},"display":{"position":"right","hOffset":40,"vOffset":0,"width":150,"height":300},"mobile":{"show":false},"log":false});</script></body></html>